Health Benefits of Organic Food - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2009 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/07/30 Category Food Essay Level High school Tags: Organic Food Essay Did you like this example? In the United States, organic food consumption is one of the fastest growing segments of the economy. According to Crinnion (2010), the sales of organic foods have multiplied from $1 to $21.1 million between 1990 and 2008. The increased sales of organic foods are probably brought about by consumers perceiving these foods to be healthier. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Health Benefits of Organic Food" essay for you Create order Additionally, the surge in diseases like cancer and atopic disorders have motivated health professionals, consumers, and policymakers to shift to organic foods as an alternative instead of relying on manufactured food products. Numerous studies from numerous researchers (Batra, Sharma, Gupta, 2014; Crinnion, 2010; Mie Wivstod, 2015; Rembia?‚kowska rednicka, 2009, Forman Silverstein, 2012) have been conducted to evaluate the health benefits of organic foods. Some of the studies illustrate closely related benefits of consuming organic foods, but overall, the results have proven to be insufficient to formulate definite conclusions. The contradiction on whether organic foods have more health benefits than conventional ones forms the basis of this essay. Batra, Sharma, and Gupta (2014) found that even though there is a lack of high-quality scientific evidence to prove the health benefits of organic foods, these foods have nutritional value to the body. The authors argue that organic foods are rich in antioxidants, phosphorous, nitrates, phenolics, and vitamins A, C, and E. Additionally, crops produced via organic farming have been found to have lower amounts of heavy metals, higher levels of vitamin C, iron, and magnesium. Furthermore, Crinnion (2010) discovered that organic foods have twenty-one percent iron and twenty-nine percent more magnesium than non-organic foods. Likewise, organic foods have increased concentration of ascorbic acid, which is an essential vitamin. Mie and Wivstad (2015) provide different opinions regarding the health benefits of organic foods compared to conventional ones. The authors found that organic crops contain twelve percent more vitamins than conventional ones. The results of the study indicated a sixteen percent increase in vitamin C, eleven percent for flavones and flavonols, and eleven percent in other non-defense compounds (Mie Wivstod, 2015). Additionally, Huber, Rembia?‚kowsk, rednick, B gel, and van de Vijver (2011) explored the hypothesis that organic food might increase living organisms capacity towards resilience. In terms of nutritional content, the scholars found that organic foods had less pesticide residues and lower nitrate contents while having higher phenolic compounds and vitamin C levels (in organic plant foods) and higher conjugated linoleic acid and omega-3 fatty acids levels (in milk obtained from animals raised organically). Despite lack of human-based studies, in-vitro models demonstrated higher antimutagenic and antioxidative activity alongside better inhibition of proliferation of cancer cells, while animal models demonstrated positive impacts on growth, weight, the immune system, and fertility indices. In terms of human studies, Huber et al. (2011) report that human epidemiological investigations found an association between organic foods consumption and reduced risks of allergies. However, findings based on human intervention studies remain ambiguous. In a meta-analysis study, Batra et al. (2014) recorded higher levels of total omega three fatty acids, proteins, alpha-Linoleic acid (ALA), vaccenic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid in organic dairy products. Results from a longitudinal KOALA (which is an acronym in Dutch for Child, parents and health: lifestyle and genetic constitution) Birth Cohort study that involved 2700 infants conducted by Mie and Wivstad (2015) indicated that the consumption of o rganic dairy products during pregnancy and infancy resulted in lower risk of eczema at two years of age. Organic milk contains more omega three fatty acids than conventional milk. The authors also found that in Sweden, cows reared using organic foods produced milk that had higher alpha-Linolenic acid (ALA) concentration than conventional milk. The Swedish cows had thirty-eight percent higher content of omega three fatty acids, and in Scania, the cows produced eighty-seven percent higher alpha-Linolenic acid (ALA) compared to conventional milk. Equally important, it is hypothesized that organic foods have more antioxidants than conventional foods. Flavonoid molecules together with carotenoid lycopene are potent antioxidants (Crinnion, 2010). Research indicated that carotenoid lycopene reduces the risk of cancer. Moreover, the anthocyanin in organically grown berries improved neuronal and cognitive brain functions, ocular health, and protect genomic DNA integrity. Rembia?‚kowska and rednicka (2009) found that seventy-two percent of studies indicated high concentrations of polyphenols in organically grown foods in comparison with conventionally produced ones. Polyphenols are a class of plant metabolites with potential antioxidative properties. Flavonols are one of the groups of polyphenols that have been found in organic foods. Flavonols mitigate the incidence of heart diseases, cancer, obesity and allergies, liver diseases, atherosclerosis, and gastrointestinal infections. Additionally, juices from organic welsh onion, Chinese cabbage, and organic spinach have been found to have a fifty to one hundred and twenty percent higher antioxidant activity than juices from conventionally grown vegetables (Rembia?‚kowska, rednicka, 2009). Similarly, Rembia?‚kowska and rednicka (2009) found that organic currants also indicate thirty percent higher antioxidant levels. Mie and Wivtsad (2015) provide research results that contradict the health benefits of organic foods. The authors evaluated a systematic review from 2012 conducted by Smith-Spangler and coworkers. The outcomes of the study indicated that only phosphorous and phenols had higher concentration levels in organic foods. The study had a high statistical heterogeneity that rendered the results inconsistent. The results indicated reporting and publication bias. The overall conclusion is that the published literature lacks substantial evidence to suggest that organic foods are more nutritious than conventional ones. Mie, Andersen, Gunnarsson, Kahl, Kesse-Guyot, Rembia?‚kowska, Quaglio, and Grandjean (2017) argue that current research on organic food consumption and its benefits to human health is scarce. The authors further illustrate the lack of long-term interventional studies that aim to provide the link between good health and organic foods. The lack of biomarkers of exposure, the lack of the evaluation exposure, and the reliance on self-reported data result in measurement errors in the studies. Some reviews have tried to show the relationship between organic food consumption and health, but due to the small sample populations and the short duration of conducting these studies, there arise limited statistical powers and the possibility to determine the long-term effects (Mie et al., 2017). Other studies have shown little significant differences in biomarkers related to health or nutritional status among participants consuming organic and conventional foods. Mie et al. (2017) also compared the results of two studies that investigated the impact of organic and conventional crop farming on cancer cell lines. The results from the organic crops indicated firm anti-proliferative activity against one colon and breast cancer line in comparison to the conventional plants. Other findings showed that juices from organically grown beetroot reduced the levels of apoptosis in gastric cancer cell line. The two studies provided significant differences on the health benefits of organically grown crops against conventional ones. However, what Mie et al. (2017) noted about these surveys is that neither of these studies determined which of the organic or the conventional food product demonstrated preferable biological activity towards improving human health. The authors also confirm that numerous animal studies, especially among rats show how organic foods boost the immune system of the rats. However, Mie et al. (2017) asserts that the relevance of these findings on humans is yet to be concluded with relevant findings. The authors also argue that studies that have been conducted on animals and have provided promising results are yet to be performed on humans; hence, it is necessary to avoid formulating conclusions that claim that organic foods are healthier than conventional ones. Equally important, Mie et al. (2017) further contradict the argument that organic foods have more nutritional value than conventional ones by stating that particular pesticides are utilized for organic farming. The residues of these pesticides are known to have low toxicological effects on the health of human beings; however, evidence suggests that pesticide residues in food increase the prevalence of humans being exposed to diseases. Forman and Silverstein (2012) argue that individuals believe that organic foods are more nutritious than conventional ones yet the research to support this fact is not definitive. A significant number of studies have demonstrated zero differences in carbohydrate, vitamin, and mineral content s between organic and conventional foods. According to the authors, some studies have identified lower nitrate content in organic foods in comparison with conventional ones. Some of the studies that attempt to illustrate the differences and the importance of organic food and conventional ones result in conflicting conclusions For instance, a study conducted by Forman and Silverstein (2012) aimed to determine the nutrient differences between organic and conventional foods demonstrated zero significant differences in nutrient content. As a result, the study failed to deliver substantial differences in nutritional quality of organic and conventional foods. According to the authors, the lack of logical explanations requires further research (Forman, Silverstein, 2012). Other scholars also highlight the themes of insufficient evidence, poor study design, and insignificant differences between organic and conventional foods. For instance, Williamson (2007) notes that few studies have compared health outcomes after consumption of organic or non-organic diets, with the studies ranging from some controlled animal feeding studies alongside a notably small number o f observational human-based studies. From a comparative animal study, only modest evidence demonstrating beneficial effects of organic food is available. Moreover, the small differences in nutrient composition identified are unlikely to influence health outcome differences. Among humans, the few observational studies and lack of large scale, representative studies is further influenced by poor study design and lack of control for compounding lifestyle variables that lead to questions about any beneficial effects from eating organic foods. Meanwhile, after seeking to undertake systematic reviews investigating nutrient content differences and nutrition-related health benefits from organic diets, Dangour, Allen, Lock, and Uauy (2010) are adamant that no evidence exists in favor or organic diets currently. This position arises from the lack of evidence for major nutritional content differences, as well as only 11 out of 92,000 publications being of sufficient scholarly quality in the case of nutrition-related health benefits of organic diets. In another study, Williams (2002) investigated the nutritional quality associated with organic foods, noting that perceived superior quality is leading to heightened consumer preference for organic food products to con ventional foods produced through intensive farming methods. The author highlights the lack of evidence of superiority of organically produced foods owing to the limited number of studies and poor quality study designs. In terms of the available body of evidence, Williams (2002) notes that very few studies have compared nutrient compositions between organic and conventionally produced crop products, with an even fewer number comparing animal products from these two agricultural systems. Moreover, the author observes that evidence of potential impact on animal and human health remains extremely inadequate, while evidence from controlled animal-model studies is significantly limited or poorly designed. Williams (2002) also notes the absence of reports in scholarly literature regarding controlled human-subject intervention studies, while health outcome comparisons between populations habitually consuming organic or conventionally produced foods are largely flawed owing to compounding factors. In terms of the findings of the few available studies, Williams (2002) notes that researchers have reported very few compositional differences beyond the reasonably consistent findings regarding lower vitamin C and higher nitrate content of conventional vegetables. Moreover, in controlled animal models, the author notes that findings have produced conflicting conclusions. In conclusion, many consumers prefer buying organic foods because relevant studies seem to prove that natural foods are more nutritious than conventional ones. However, various research studies have provided different results that argue against the health benefits of organic foods. Studies that show any difference between organic foods and conventional ones fail to offer logical conclusions and recommendations. Some surveys also indicate lower nutrient levels in organic foods when compared with conventional ones. Pesticide residuals are also found in organic foods raising the question of the health benefits of organic foods. In other studies, the researchers end up providing contradicting information that results in conflicting conclusions. Finally, based on evidence from various relevant sources, it is evident that further research with proper funding and with a large sample population researchers will be able to differentiate the nutrient levels and health benefits of organic foods compared with conventional ones. Additionally, such studies will have to be of high quality design to address confounding variables and ensure observations made result from actual effects of differences between organic and conventional food products.

Net Present Value and Salvage Value - 1144 Words

------------------------------------------------- FINC5001 Capital Market and Corporate Finance ------------------------------------------------- Workshop 5 – Capital Budgeting II 1. Basic Concepts Review a) In applying Net Present Value, what factors do we include, and what factors do we ignore? Use cash flows not accounting income Ignore * sunk costs * financing costs Include * opportunity costs * side effects * working capital * taxation * inflation 2. Practice Questions a) After spending $3 million on research, Better Mousetraps has developed a new trap. The project requires an initial investment in plant and equipment of $6 million. This investment will be depreciated†¦show more content†¦At present the company owns and operates the Black Pearl as its main ship but is considering replacing it with a new ship called the Flying Dutchman, a much larger vessel. The CEO of EITC Ltd, Mr Cutler Beckett, has appointed you to evaluate the proposal for the Board. If the Board decides to go ahead with the project the Black Pearl will be immediately sold and replaced by the Flying Dutchman. The Flying Dutchman would then operate for 5 years. Last year EITC Ltd commissioned the consulting group Swan and Co. to evaluate the potential of the new vessel. This report cost $500,000 and was delivered last month. The finance department of EITC used the findings of that report to provide you with the following information about the two vessels: Black Pearl 1. Original purchase price: $15 million 2. Years since the purchase: 5 years 3. Depreciation rate: 15% per year 4. Salvage value this year: $2 million 5. Salvage value in 5 years: $300,000 6. Revenue each year: $6.5 million 7. Operating costs each year: $4.2 million Flying Dutchman 1. Purchase price this year: $18 million 2. Depreciation rate: 12.5% per year 3. Estimated salvage value in 5 years: $10 million 4. Revenue each year: $10.8 million 5. 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A comparison of the themes of Thomas Wyatt and Hen Essay Example For Students

A comparison of the themes of Thomas Wyatt and Hen Essay ry HowardA comparison of the themes of Thomas Wyatt and Henry HowardBoth Henry Howard and Thomas Wyatt made significant contributions towards the development of English literature during the reign of King Henry VIII. Through their translations of Petrarchs work, these men were responsible for introducing sonnet form into English. Both Wyatt and Surrey helped to change the nature of English poetry,(textbook, p.187). They both traveled to Italy and borrowed, as well as imitated other poets and each other. Instead of originating fresh themes, they repeated conventional subject matter, mainly focusing on idealized love. Works from both poets had similar themes of confusion, sadness, and reflection. Both Howard and Wyatt have translated sonnets, written by Petrarch. In these poems, the speaker loves a lady, but she will not permit him to declare his love (textbook, p.192). Wyatts translation is called The Long Love and is a insightful representation of the poets dual observation of love. Wyatt shows two sides of love, physical and spiritual, but never a bond between them. He shows his confusion in line 11, And there him hideth and not appeareth, wondering why he should hide his love and not profess it. Howards translation is titled Love That Doth Reign, and is a much more commanding version. He expresses the speakers feelings as unrelinquishing, relating love as lifes pinnacle achievement. Although both poets relay the poem in different styles, the main theme of confusion is ever present. Sadness is also a theme associated with these two poets. Wyatt wrote the poem Whoso List to Hunt, about the love of his life, Anne Boleyn. This is a perfect example of a love sonnet, relating the struggles of his mind and spirit, in an attempt to express his situation with Anne, to the physical hunt for a deer. Line 3 of his poem states, The vain travail hath wearied me so sore, expressing his sorrow, fearing King Henry who prized the lady as well. The Soote Season, was written by Howard expressing the sadness over a love of his that has gone away. He describes the beautiful events surrounding him in nature, but none of them can comfort him. And thus I see among these pleasant things, Each care decays, and yet my sorrow springs, lines 13 and14, express the speakers feelings. The two poets both feel sadness and frustration, Wyatt because of King Henrys interests, and Howard because everything around him is happy and he is Reflection is also another theme in which Wyatt and Howard, reminisce about past loves, the memories they stir, and the feelings associated with them. In Wyatts They Flee From Me, he remembers the loves of his past, telling a story of a man who once loved many, but now loves no one. Lines 18 and 19 describe the speakers reasons for giving up on love, And I have leave to go of her goodness, And she also to use newfangleness . The characters good manners have forced him to quit seeing women who would be unfaithful to him. In line 15, It was no dream; I lay broad waking, shows the poets reflection, to be clouded, unsure of the events of his past. Alas, So All Things Now Do Hold Their Peace, was written by Howard and stirs up feelings of pain from the past. Once again his reflection describes the world around him as seemingly perfect, while his memories, lines 10 and 12, For my sweet thoughts sometime do pleasure bring, Gives me pang that inwardly doth sting, only bring him sorrow. The memories cause him so much grief he wishes that the event had never happened at all; line 14 To live and lack the thing should rid my pain. The two poets remember their pasts vividly, but seem only to draw sorrow, from their recollections.In conclusion, these two Renaissance poets are very similar. Although Wyatt is the elder of the two, Howards works seem to flow more freely. .u53c2b1e6caf48e8b431d98e55a537051 , .u53c2b1e6caf48e8b431d98e55a537051 .postImageUrl , .u53c2b1e6caf48e8b431d98e55a537051 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u53c2b1e6caf48e8b431d98e55a537051 , .u53c2b1e6caf48e8b431d98e55a537051:hover , .u53c2b1e6caf48e8b431d98e55a537051:visited , .u53c2b1e6caf48e8b431d98e55a537051:active { border:0!important; } .u53c2b1e6caf48e8b431d98e55a537051 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u53c2b1e6caf48e8b431d98e55a537051 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u53c2b1e6caf48e8b431d98e55a537051:active , .u53c2b1e6caf48e8b431d98e55a537051:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u53c2b1e6caf48e8b431d98e55a537051 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u53c2b1e6caf48e8b431d98e55a537051 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u53c2b1e6caf48e8b431d98e55a537051 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u53c2b1e6caf48e8b431d98e55a537051 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u53c2b1e6caf48e8b431d98e55a537051:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u53c2b1e6caf48e8b431d98e55a537051 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u53c2b1e6caf48e8b431d98e55a537051 .u53c2b1e6caf48e8b431d98e55a537051-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u53c2b1e6caf48e8b431d98e55a537051:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Genetic Engineering Awareness Week Essay They both focus mainly on the love sonnet, while Howard adds much natural imagery to his verse. Love is the main theme in both poets works. Their drive is fueled by previous experiences and their memories. The themes of confusion, sadness, and reflection help the poets to relay their feelings in several different situations.The reasons for the similarities lie in their influences, mainly Petrarch, and the fact that they were the only ones to read each others work, since the vast majority of their poems were not published until after their deaths inBibliography:

Life and Work of Elinor Ostrom free essay sample

She believed that instead of privatization or government involvement, it is better for a country to have common pooled ownership of natural resources, with the assumprion that decision-making process is transparent and democratic. Her studies â€Å"showed that when individuals have to answer for their actions to others depending on the same resources, ex. fishing grounds or common pastures, their approach to shared responsibility changes. Elinor Ostrom has demonstrated how common property can be successfully managed by user associations and that economic analysis can shed light on most forms of social organization. (nobelprize. org) In her late life she worked as Distinguished Professor at Indiana University Bloomington, where in 1973 together with her husband Vincent Ostrom, founded the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis. In addition to her positions at Indiana University, she also works as Research Professor and founding director of the Center for the Study of Instit utional Diversity at Arizona State University. We will write a custom essay sample on Life and Work of Elinor Ostrom or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In 1963, Elinor Ostrom had a successful marriage with Vincent Ostrom. Together they made numerous contributions to the field of political science as co-worker.. Elinor passed away in june 2012 in Bloomington at the age of 78 after a battle with pancreatic cancer, just two weeks after his husband’s death. After Elinor Ostrom’s death, Lauren Robel, IU Bloomington provost and university executive vice president said that â€Å"Beyond her incredible achievements as a scholar, she was also remarkable for her humility, kindness and boundless curiosity. Although she will be deeply missed, we take comfort in knowing that her work on the campus will carry on through the Workshop that now bears her and Vincents names. † Early Life and Education Elinor Ostrom, was born in Los Angeles, California, on August 7, 1933, as Elinor Claire Awan. She was the only child of a poor family. Her mother, Leah (born Hopkins) was a protestant woman, while her father Adrian Awan was a jewish man. Things in the family got even worst when her father left her mother and Elinor had to spend a lot of time with her father’s sister, attendint the protestant church. Elinor grew up during the Great Depression. Her family managed to live by planting vegetable garden and fruit trees in the backyard. She grew up learning †how to grow vegetables and how to can apricots and peaches during the heat of summer. (nobelprize. org) During World War II, Elinor learned how to knit scarves for the boys overseas. About her early years, Elinor Ostrom said that My childhood was spent learning and doing the traditional activities of a girl during the last century. My major recreational activity was swimming, and I eventually joined a swimming team and sw am competitively until I started teaching swimming to earn funds that I could save to help put me through college†. (nobelprize. org) As her family’s house was situated in Beverly Hills, she attended the Beverly Hills High School, where she graduated in 1951. Here, trying to overcome her speech impediment she attended the debate team and took part to various speech contests all around the state. Elinor said that „Learning debate was an important early impact on my ways of thinking. You are taught that there are always at least two sides to public policy questions, and you have to learn a good argument for both sides as well as knowing how to critique both sides. Participating in team efforts including my debating experience and being on a swimming team was also important. † (nobelprize. org)) Being a poor kid in a rich kids’ school was tough, but it gave her better future perspective. As it was perfectly normal for Beverly Hills students to go to college after graduating, Elinor took it as a must. Even though she was the first in her immediate family going to college, and she got no support from her mother she decided to study political sciences at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), where she graduated with honors in 1954. Without any financial support, she managed to finish college without any debt by working in the library, in a bookstore and in a dime store. Therefore, she had a big advantage as the tuition fees al UCLA was extremely low in that time period. After graduating, in a time period when women were seen more suitable working as a secretary, or as a teacher, she obtained a position of Assistant Personnel Manager for a business firm in Boston that had never hired a woman in anything but a secretarial position. It gave her hope and courage, and 3 years after she went back to UCLA. â€Å"Then I decided I would take one course a semester and get my masters of public administration,† she says, â€Å"and I got trapped. My courses were so fascinating that I decided to quit my full-time job and go back to graduate school, at a time when women didnt go to graduate school. In 1961, in her graduate work she took part in a research team with Vincent Ostrom, Charles Tiebout, and Robert Warren, studying the water industry in Southern California. She had to study the West Basin, and without realising she went into studying a common-pool resource problem. In this way, in 1962 she was awarded an M. A. by UCLA Department of Political Scie nces. About her Ph. D. admission Elinor Ostrom said that â€Å"My initial discussions with the Economics Department at UCLA about obtaining a Ph. D. in Economics were, however, pretty discouraging. I had not taken mathematics as an undergraduate primarily because I had been advised as a girl against taking any courses beyond algebra and geometry in high school. While the Economics Department encouraged me to take an outside minor in economics for my Ph. D. , they discouraged any further thinking about doing a Ph. D. in economics. [ ] I was, however, admitted in a class of 40 students with three other women. † (nobelprize. org)\ In 1965 she got her Ph. D. from UCLA Department of Political Science, and her Ph. D. and her dissertation thesis was called â€Å"Public Entrepreneurship: A Case Study in Ground Water Basin Management†. Her „dissertation research on Los Angeles West Basin groundwater resource introduced Ostrom to the study of common-pool resources, in which multiple users have access and potentially compete for a limited supply of goods or services. † (newsinfo. iu. edu) In the same year she got her Ph. D. , her husband accepted a job offer from Indiana University’s Department of Political Science. This is how in 1965, she and Vincent moved in Bloomington, Indiana, where she started †looking for her own employment at the university and notes it was fortunate that Indiana University did not have any nepotism rules as in the University of California system. (ncbi. nlm. nih. gov) Career After moving in Bloomington, Indiana, she started her teaching career together with her husband, but it was harder for her to get the job. †I tagged along as it was very hard for any department to hire a woman in those days. Fortunately, the Department of Political Science later needed som eone to teach Introduction to American Government on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturday mornings at 7:30 a. m. They appointed me as a Visiting Assistant Professor to do that. Maybe one of her most famous books is Governing the Commons: the Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action  (1990) where she develops a series of empirical studies of groundwater basins to provide a â€Å"broader theory of institutional arrangements related to the effective governance and management of common-pool resources† (p. xiv). In the very beginning of the book she sets out three models often used to provide a foundation for recommending state or market solutions. These 3 models are: * Hardin’s tragedy of the commons t refferss to the general problem of overpopulation * the prisoners’ dilemma model it reffers to people’s willingness to commit themselves to a cooperative strategy for better payoffs rather than they themselves will do * Olson’s logic of collective action a theory of collective inaction where she focus more on those who do not participate in collective actions regarding the commons 2. Early work Ostroms early work emphas ized the role of public choice on decisions influencing the production of public goods and services. As she arrived at Indiana University in 1965, the first project she started working on was about the examination of an urban common resource of high importance for the community: the police. The project started modestly, but Ostrom worked for about 15 years on it, but her research †revealed several important conceptual processes of urban policing and turned widely held presumptions on their head †. †The first 15 years of my research career at Indiana University were focused on studying police industries across the United States†, she said. In this research she said that they never found in any metropolitan aera in the entire USA a police department of more than 100 oficers able to outperform a smallor or medium-size police department when about public services such as patrol, criminal investigation, or traffic control. 3. Later work Her later, and more famous, work focused on how humans interact with ecosystems to maintain long-term sustainable resource yields. Elinor Ostrom said that †After fifteen years of extensive research on police industry structure and performance, I returned to studying the commons, but this time with the recognition of what I was studying. The National Research Council created a special committee in the mid-1980s to review the empirical research written about common-pool resources†. Her research has considered how societies have developed diverse institutional arrangements for managing natural resources and avoiding ecosystem collapse. Ostrom and her many co-researchers have developed a comprehensive Social-Ecological Systems (SES) framework. All these assumptions were based on †extensive field research experience in Nepal, Nigeria, and Kenya and research visits to Australia, Bolivia, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Philippines, Poland, and Zimbabwe. , but also in countries as Norway, Sweden, Poland or California. (Elinor ostrom’s CV) Nobel Prize Source:www. nobelprize. org /nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2009/ostrom. html The 2009 Sveriges Riksbank Prize for Economic Sciences was basically concerned about where best to conduct transactions; * in the open market, within firms, * or among self-regulating groups of individuals In 2009 the economic prize was divided equally between Elinor Ostrom, for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons, and the american economist Oliver E. Williamson  for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm. (nobelprize. org) . 1. Small review of Elinor Ostrom research The  Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences  awarded Ostrom as her research had shown how groups of people can successfully manage common property they all take advantage of. Her extensive research was showing the contrast between 2 entities as illustrated in the picture below: She found that those who are better at regulating those resources are those with a vested interest in the resources they manage rather than the publicly-appointed management bodies would be. Best sollution!!! Her research reveals that in many, but not all, cases, allowing users to develop their own rules to regulate the use of common property results in the most efficient solution for managing those resources. †For instance, her studies of the lobster fisheries off the coast of Maine in the United States show that self-imposed rules can often be better, and better-followed, than imposed ones. In short, self-governance can be successful. Her work incorporates both case studies of numerous real-life examples and laboratory experiments testing the ways people interact. The experiments reveal that people seem more willing to regulate others behaviour than predicted, and also that the development of efficient rules for regulation depends critically on good communication between the people involved. † (nobelprize. org) 2. Prize lecture Elinor Ostrom’s Nobel Prize lecture called †Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems† sums up all her intellectual journey, starting with 1950s when she tried to understand the polycentric water industry in California. She conducted several studies with her husband Vincent Ostrom and Charles Tiebout, trying to solve the †problem of an overdrafted groundwater basin on the coast and watching saltwater intrusion threaten the possibility of long-term use. † (ncbi. nlm. nih. gov) Later on, in the 1970s she took part to the polycentric police industries serving U. S. metropolitan areas areas to find that the dominant theory underlying massive reform proposals was incorrect. These early empirical studies, lead later on to the development of 409 case studies on common-pool resource systems around the world. In this way, †large studies of irrigation systems in Nepal and forests around the world challenge the presumption that governments always do a better job than users in organizing and protecting important resources. † (elinorostrom. indiana. edu) Elinor Ostrom’s prize lecture is divided in different parts as following: 1. The Earlier World View of Simple Systems It reflects the mid-twentieth century general trend to †fit the world into simple models and to criticize institutional arrangements that did not fit †. It had 3 basic assumptions: a. Two Optimal Organizational Forms: The marker A single governmental unit b. Two Types of Goods: Pure private goods: are both excludableand rivalrous Public goods: are both nonexcludable and nonrivalrous c. One Model of the Individual: The general assumption accepted in economical research and game theory that all individuals are fully rational. 2. Early Efforts to Develop a Fuller Understanding of Complex Human Systems It reflects the mid-twentieth general view of symple system adapted and transformed as a result of empirical research and development of game-theory models by: a. Studying Polycentric Public Industries with special regards to the way citizens, local public entrepreneurs, and public officials engage in various ways of providing, producing, and managing public service industries b. Doubling the Types of Goods by studying how people cope with public problems in the world. The figure below †provides an overview of four broad types of goods that differentially affect the problems individuals face in devising institutions to enable them to provide, produce, and consume diverse goods†. (nobelprize. org) Keep in mind that every broad type of good contains many subtypes of goods thay may duffer. As an example, a river and a forest are both common resources, but they differ from a lot of points of view such as the mobility or time for regeneration. 3. Developing a Framework for Analyzing the Diversity of Human Situations As we can see in the picture below Elinor Ostrom developed set of †external variables that conduct to an action situation to generate patterns of interactions and outcomes that are evaluated by participants in the actionsituation (and potentially by scholars) and feed back on both the externalvariables and the action situation. 4. Are Rational Individuals Helplessly Trapped in Social Dilemmas? In this chapter Elinor Ostrom tries to figure out to what extent the rational individuals act rational and how they manage to solve the classical dilemmas such as the overharvesting of common-pool resources and the underprovision of local public. This analysis propose to perceive the human beings and the way they act as being trapped inside perverse situations. A suggestive ilustration of people social dillemas is availavle below. The topic is largely developped in chapter 7. 5. Conducting Experiments to Study Common-Pool Resource Problems †Experiments on CPRs and public goods have shown that many predictions of the conventional theory of collective action do not hold. More cooperation occurs than predicted, â€Å"cheap talk† increases cooperation,and subjects invest in sanctioning free-riders. † (nobelprize. org) 6. Studying Common-Pool Resource Problems in the Field Having conducted a lot of empirical research, this part reffers to the pragmatic field study. Getting the opportunity to visit Nepal in 1988, she found a maintained irrigation system and some government-constructed and managed system. She developped a great case study about her research in Nepal, but this is only one exemple out of hundreds studies and observations in the field. She also conducted research in India, Sri Lanka, and Japan. 7. Current Theoretical Developments Ostrom identified eight design principles of stable local common pool resource (CPR) management as follows: 1. Clearly defined boundaries (effective exclusion of external un-entitled parties); 2. Rules regarding the appropriation and provision of common resources that are adapted to local conditions; 3. Collective-choice arrangements that allow most resource appropriators to participate in the decision-making process; 4. Effective monitoring by monitors who are part of or accountable to the appropriators; 5. A scale of graduated sanctions for resource appropriators who violate community rules; 6. Mechanisms of conflict resolution that are cheap and of easy access; 7. Self-determination of the community recognized by higher-level authorities; 8. In the case of larger common-pool resources, organization in the form of multiple layers of nested enterprises, with small local CPRs at the base level In theory, thinks would go well if everybody would follow some simple rules. People,are using rules they learned that work relatively well in a particular situation. They also learn norms, which are internal assumptions. In her theoretical research, Elinor Ostrom assumes that people are more effective if they count in internal values and norms than external imposed rules. 8. Complexity and Reform In her last chapter of her prize lecture, Elinor Ostrom points out that people have to be willing to deal with complexity instead of rejecting it. Both eaconomical and social sciences developped a lot during the last decades and people have to be open to changes. She believed that people are not aware on new discoveries made in the field, and there are still many common properties badly managed by public governance just because of people’s unawareness and ignorance. Conclusion To sum up Elinor Ostrom’s research work, after her death, Wyn Grant. rofessor in the Department Politics and International Studies at the University of Warwick appreciates that she was †A former president of the American Political Science Association, who worked across different disciplines in the social sciences and also influenced work in the physical sciences relating to environmental management. † (blogs. lse. ac. uk ) As mentioned before, her entire research activity can be divide d in 2 parts: 1. Early work where she mainly concentrated on the role of public choice on decisions influencing the production of public goods and services. Here we took the example of the 15 years long research project â€Å"studying police industries across the United States†. 2. Later work that was better appreciate where she focused on how humans interact with ecosystems to maintain long-term sustainable resource yields. In this time period, together with her co-researchers developed a Social-Ecological Systems (SES) framework, based on †extensive field research experience in Nepal, Nigeria, and Kenya and research visits to Australia, Bolivia, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Philippines, Poland, and Zimbabwe. , but also in countries as Norway, Sweden, Poland or California. Just a few of some most important discoveries Elinor Ostrom made are pointed out as following: * Most efficient sollution when managing the commons: allowing users to develop their own rules to regulate the use of common property! * Principles, not rules!!! Self-imposed rules can often be better-followed, than imposed ones, as it makes people act more respon sible * She also appreciates that †The most important lesson for public policy nalysis derived from the intellectual journey I have outlined is that humans have a morecomplex motivational structure and more capability to solve social dilemmas than posited in earlier rational-choice theory† .

Creatine Crazy essays

Creatine Crazy essays Now batting in the clean-up position at this years baseball World Series is Mr. Creatine (Frankel 1). As the pitcher winds up, he knows in his heart that his new opponent, an amino acid supplement hiding in the muscle tissues of the batter, now threatens him. He delivers the pitch over the fat part of the plate and Mr. Creatine swings and drives the ball deep into center field. Back, back, back, going, going, gone, another awesome four hundred ten foot homerun for Mr. Creatine and the Major League Baseball Association! Thats right, more homeruns and runs batted in, as well as an increased popularity and swelling revenue at the box office, have brought national attention to the sport of baseball. To use or not to use, that is the question (Frankel 1). For years and years, athletes of all sports were using steroids to bulk up their physique. Today, the use of steroids has dropped rapidly since the presence of mandatory drug testing in professional sports. However, athletes are s till trying to obtain a performance edge, and many have found that answer in creatine. The controversy continues as trainers, coaches, and owners are arguing its use on a daily basis. What will the long-term effects be to young high school, college, and professional athletes? Certainly there are risks involved with creatines use, however baseball needs creatine for its own survival. According to the Dymatize Creatine Manufactory (DCM), creatine monohydrate is a naturally occurring metabolite found in red muscle tissue. DCM also explains that the supplement acts as a powerful aid in the energizing of muscle strength and the enhancing of athletic performance. (Williams 1) Creatine is one of the twenty amino acids, and can be found in lean red meat, tuna, salmon, pork, or beef. For example, a two-pound beefsteak equals approximately 5 grams of creatine, and a two pound piece of salmon contains around 6 gra...

Scientific Research Paper Writing Tips - Paperell.com

Scientific Research Paper Writing Tips Scientific Research Paper Writing Tips The main goal of the scientific paper is to share your original research, experiments, and thoughts with other scientists. The most important feature of the research paper is to inform. The research papers should be readable, smart, and clear in order to be worth the highest assessment, which means that you must have enough knowledge of what you write about. You can buy research papers online, or you can write it by yourself, using some rules. Usually, audience of such works are referees and journal readers. To be accepted by them, your research paper must be presented well: it has to show the importance of your study, be valid and relevant to the studies of other scientists.What is Scientific Research Paper Format?If you write a paper that reports your original work, you need to structure it chronologically. Usually, it has five sections:Introduction Here you need to clarify the main aim of your work and let your readers learn a topic you write about.Materials and Methods You can ad d the important details in this section to let other scientists reproduce the information from your work. Sometimes, it can be placed at the end of the work.Results and Discussion Here you write about the results of your study, which are sometimes mixed into one section. The readers often need an interpretation of your results because it is not always easy to make sense of the results by them own.Conclusion In the conclusion, the outcome is presented – it always goes with a repeat of your findings more abstract than in a discussion. Remember that your conclusion must be related to the motivation you give in the introduction.Some Interesting and Actual Topics For Research PapersFinding a good topic for your work is the key to success! How to formulate a great theme? Here are a few examples:Importance of a good sleep to our healthGlaucoma: What is it and how we can prevent it?3-D printing: Is it possible to use it to produce organs of people?Chinese traditional medicine and its impact on the modern medicine todayHarm of the chemicals used in foodWhat makes us human?What if people could get over the allergies? Which therapy may help them?Effects of drugs on mental healthCure of multiple-personality disorderRole of the spirituality and religion in protection from mental illnessDoes caregiving cause the stress?Risk of self-harm of epilepticsSchizophrenia and the treatments from itChronic pain and the groups of riskIllnesses of homeless peopleWork of our memoryLighting in our rooms and its impact on usSense of smell of men and women is not the sameWhat if we could erase our bad memories?How can we prevent wildfires?Cause that makes people unhappy on holidaysCause of an alcoholism and binge drinkingCause of a sexual addictionRole of laughter in our lifeReality of the greenhouse effectHow can we prevent cancer?How can we preserve the native species today?Impact of nuclear disaster like FukushimaRegeneration of the coral reefsDecline of amphibians: What can we d o about it?Any of these topics would be great for your research work. And you have a possibility to find other research paper topics to have more options.

Restoring Capital Punishment in the United Kingdom Essay

Restoring Capital Punishment in the United Kingdom - Essay Example In certain countries that retain capital punishment, the delay between the actual verdict given and the execution carried out could go for many years as the convicted person would be allowed to go through many tribunals although excessive delay can also lead to basic human rights violation3. Most prisoners appeal against the death sentence due to the survival instinct although such a struggle may itself be a basic human rights violation that would prohibit cruelty in any form4. The death row phenomenon as this is called could pressurize states to modify their procedures or even abandon capital punishment. Supporters of capital punishment argue that such form of punishment would deter crime and would be an appropriate punishment for murder. As Murray notes, a major justification for capital punishment is the perceived public support although the complexity of the death penalty may not be generally understood by most people5. Murray aimed to examine the stability of the attitudes on the fair application of the death penalty and what are the public opinions regarding the fairness and administration of capital punishment. The complexity of these attitudes was analyzed with a telephone survey and the results indicated instability in attitudes regarding the application of capital punishment although many seem to think that the application of the death penalty is not fair in many cases. Murray concluded his study by suggesting that, 'the justification for capital punishment may rest on oversimplified conceptions of attitudes toward the death penalty and its application'6.